To know that we know what we know, and to know that we do not know what we do not know, that is true knowledge.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Mathematics is written for mathematicians.
Finally we shall place the Sun himself at the center of the Universe.
Of all things visible, the highest is the heaven of the fixed stars.
For I am not so enamoured of my own opinions that I disregard what others may think of them.
At rest, however, in the middle of everything is the sun.
Those things which I am saying now may be obscure, yet they will be made clearer in their proper place.
I am aware that a philosopher's ideas are not subject to the judgment of ordinary persons, because it is his endeavour to seek the truth in all things, to the extent permitted to human reason by God.
For it is the duty of an astronomer to compose the history of the celestial motions through careful and expert study.
I can easily conceive, most Holy Father, that as soon as some people learn that in this book which I have written concerning the revolutions of the heavenly bodies, I ascribe certain motions to the Earth, they will cry out at once that I and my theory should be rejected.
Therefore, when I considered this carefully, the contempt which I had to fear because of the novelty and apparent absurdity of my view, nearly induced me to abandon utterly the work I had begun.
So far as hypotheses are concerned, let no one expect anything certain from astronomy, which cannot furnish it, lest he accept as the truth ideas conceived for another purpose, and depart from this study a greater fool than when he entered it.
The earth together with its surrounding waters must in fact have such a shape as its shadow reveals, for it eclipses the moon with the arc of a perfect circle.
Those who know that the consensus of many centuries has sanctioned the conception that the earth remains at rest in the middle of the heavens as its center, would, I reflected, regard it as an insane pronouncement if I made the opposite assertion that the earth moves.
Moreover, since the sun remains stationary, whatever appears as a motion of the sun is really due rather to the motion of the earth.
First of all, we must note that the universe is spherical.
The massive bulk of the earth does indeed shrink to insignificance in comparison with the size of the heavens.
I shall now recall to mind that the motion of the heavenly bodies is circular, since the motion appropriate to a sphere is rotation in a circle.
Accordingly, since nothing prevents the earth from moving, I suggest that we should now consider also whether several motions suit it, so that it can be regarded as one of the planets. For, it is not the center of all the revolutions.
Near the sun is the center of the universe.
In so many and such important ways, then, do the planets bear witness to the earth's mobility.
Therefore I would not have it unknown to Your Holiness, the the only thing which induced me to look for another way of reckoning the movements of the heavenly bodies was that I knew that mathematicians by no means agree in their investigation thereof.
So, influenced by these advisors and this hope, I have at length allowed my friends to publish the work, as they had long besought me to do.
The earth also is spherical, since it presses upon its center from every direction.
Therefore, having obtained the opportunity from these sources, I too began to consider the mobility of the earth.
Although all the good arts serve to draw man's mind away from vices and lead it toward better things, this function can be more fully performed by this art, which also provides extraordinary intellectual pleasure.
More stars in the north are seen not to set, while in the south certain stars are no longer seen to rise.
Pouring forth its seas everywhere, then, the ocean envelops the earth and fills its deeper chasms.
Therefore, in the course of the work I have followed this plan: I describe in the first book all the positions of the orbits together with the movements which I ascribe to the Earth, in order that this book might contain, as it were, the general scheme of the universe.
We regard it as a certainty that the earth, enclosed between poles, is bounded by a spherical surface.
Yet if anyone believes that the earth rotates, surely he will hold that its motion is natural, not violent.
Not a few other very eminent and scholarly men made the same request, urging that I should no longer through fear refuse to give out my work for the common benefit of students of Mathematics.
For a traveler going from any place toward the north, that pole of the daily rotation gradually climbs higher, while the opposite pole drops down an equal amount.
